A resignation is not necessarily voluntary just because an employee signed a resignation letter. Learn when forced resignation becomes constructive dismissal, what evidence matters, who bears the burden of proof, and what employees and employers should do next.
There is no fixed peso amount for illegal dismissal in the Philippines. Learn how backwages, reinstatement or separation pay, benefits, damages, attorney’s fees and legal interest may affect the total claim.
Philippine employers must issue a Certificate of Employment within three days of a written request, containing only dates of employment and position held. This guide covers DOLE Labor Advisory No. 6-20, what a compliant COE must and must not contain, a sample template, and what to do when an employer refuses or delays.
Learn what evidence can help prove illegal dismissal in the Philippines, who must prove the dismissal and valid cause, and which records employees should preserve.
The complete, verified 2026 Philippine holiday calendar — regular holidays, special non-working days and the special working day — with each date’s legal classification and proclamation reference, plus what’s already confirmed for 2027. Includes DOLE’s holiday-pay computation rates, worked examples, and the Supreme Court cases that define how holiday pay is calculated for daily-paid and monthly-paid employees.
Article 219 of the Labor Code broadly defines employer and employee, so Philippine courts apply the four-fold test — selection, wages, dismissal, and control — to determine who really counts as which. Learn the test, employer types, and the Supreme Court cases that define it.
Christmas bonuses, mid-year bonuses, and performance incentives are generally discretionary in the Philippines — only 13th month pay is legally mandatory. Learn the Supreme Court test for when a bonus ripens into a demandable right under the non-diminution rule, with cases and G.R. numbers.
Philippine employees are entitled to an itemized payslip every payday showing gross pay, itemized deductions, and net pay — not just a lump-sum credit notice. This guide covers what DOLE Labor Advisory No. 11-14 requires a payslip to contain, the Supreme Court cases that shift the burden of proof onto employers with no payroll records, and what to do when an employer refuses to issue one.
Not every resignation in the Philippines is the same legal act. This guide gives you three ready-to-customize resignation letter samples — standard 30-day notice, immediate with employer-waived notice, and just-cause — with the Article 300 legal basis, Supreme Court cases, and mistakes to avoid for each.
Last materially reviewed: August 25, 2026 An Electronic Notary Public (ENP) is a Philippine notary public commissioned by the Supreme Court to perform electronic notarial acts under A.M. No. 24-10-14-SC, Rules on Electronic Notarization. The system is not simply signing a PDF online or joining a video call: it requires an electronic document, a commissioned…