Economic Dependence Test in Philippine Labor Law: Meaning, Factors and Examples
Understand the economic dependence test in Philippine labor law, its seven factors, workplace examples, evidence, and relationship to the four-fold test.
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How to Prove Employee Status Despite an Independent Contractor Agreement
Learn what contracts, schedules, payroll records, instructions, and messages may help prove employee status despite an independent contractor agreement.
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Supervisory Employee in the Philippines: Managerial vs Supervisory vs Rank-and-File
Learn the Article 219(m) test that defines a supervisory employee in the Philippines, how it differs from managerial and rank-and-file status, the union and overtime consequences, and the Supreme Court cases that settled the line.
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Employee Classifications in Philippine Labor Law: Status, Rank and Legal Consequences
Philippine labor law classifies every private-sector employee along two separate axes: employment status (regular, probationary, project, casual) and rank (managerial, supervisory, rank-and-file). This guide explains both systems, the Article 219(m) test courts use to determine rank, and the real consequences for overtime pay, holiday pay, and union rights that turn on getting the classification right.
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Probationary Standards Were Not Given at Hiring: Does the Employee Become Regular?
If reasonable regularization standards were not made known when a probationary employee was hired, Philippine jurisprudence generally treats the employee as regular. This guide explains the rule, evidence and employer risk.
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Employee vs Employer Under Philippine Labor Law: Legal Definitions and Why They Matter
Article 219 of the Labor Code broadly defines employer and employee, so Philippine courts apply the four-fold test — selection, wages, dismissal, and control — to determine who really counts as which. Learn the test, employer types, and the Supreme Court cases that define it.
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Fixed-Term Employment Philippines 2026: Valid Contracts, Limits & Termination Rules
Fixed-Term Employment Philippines 2026: learn when a fixed-term contract is valid, the Brent School test, repeated-renewal risks, employee rights, lawful expiration, and when termination may become illegal dismissal.
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Management Prerogative in the Philippines: Scope, Limits and Employee Rights
Learn when management prerogative is valid under Philippine labor law, its legal limits, the evidence that matters, and what employees and employers can do next.
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Employee vs Independent Contractor Philippines: How to Determine Your Status
Determine whether a worker is an employee or independent contractor in the Philippines using the four-fold test, control test, economic dependence, evidence, and current Supreme Court cases.
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Casual Employment Philippines 2026: When a Casual Employee Becomes Regular
Casual Employment Philippines 2026: Article 295 meaning, the necessary-or-desirable test, the one-year rule, repeated hiring, employee rights, evidence, and when a casual worker becomes regular.
