Article 219 of the Labor Code broadly defines employer and employee, so Philippine courts apply the four-fold test — selection, wages, dismissal, and control — to determine who really counts as which. Learn the test, employer types, and the Supreme Court cases that define it.
Last materially reviewed: August 16, 2026 Most workplace disputes involve two parties. Labor-only contracting involves three — a principal, a contractor, and the workers — and the whole question is which of the two companies is actually the employer, and who pays when something goes wrong. That makes it a different problem from endo. Endo…
Learn how to document a possible endo scheme, file through SEnA, and pursue an illegal-dismissal or regularization claim through DOLE or the NLRC.
Learn what endo means in Philippine employment, when short-term contracts may be illegal, what evidence matters, and where workers can seek help.